Influences Of Practice Example

Influences Of Practice Example Influences Of Practice – Coursework Example Influence of practice Diagnosis and Treatment Planning This is the process of using critical thinking to make a decision on which type of information that is obtained from the clinical examination and history of the patients are very pertinent (Reber & Berger, 2006). These pertinent information are then organized into a concise list of clinical problems. The list of the clinical problems is then organized according to the order of their priority then they are matched with an appropriate treatment in the context of the individual health records of the patientsTreatment plan begins as soon as the initial assessment of the patient is complete. This plan will act as the road map that the patient will have to follow all through his or her treatment. The best treatment plan should follow the patients for at least 5 years because this is the point when the lapse rate has fallen up to around zero level. Treatment is built around the problem set that is brought for treatment by the patients. The plan tells the staff the role the patient will play in when undertaking treatment (Barsky, 2015). The plan must take into account both the behavioural and physical problems that are relevant to the care of the patient as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the patients. The treatment plan gives the therapeutic interventions that describes what is going to be done and by who. It considers all the needs of the patients and come up with clear means of dealing with each of the problem. The plan follows the discharge planning which starts with the initial assessment of the patients.ReferencesReber, B. H., & Berger, B. K. (2006). Finding influence: Examining the role of influence in public relations practice. Journal of Communication Management, 10(3), 235-249. Barsky A. (2015). Ethics Alive! The NASW Code of Ethics and Other Social Work Obligations. White Hat Communications p. 112-34

Battle of Eutaw Springs in the American Revolution

Battle of Eutaw Springs in the American Revolution The Battle of Eutaw Springs was fought September 8, 1781, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Armies Commanders Americans Major General Nathanael Greene2,200 men British Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Stewart2,000 men Background Having won a bloody victory over American forces at the Battle of Guilford Court House on March 1781, Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis elected to turn east for Wilmington, NC as his army was short on supplies. Assessing the strategic situation, Cornwallis later decided to march north into Virginia as he believed the Carolinas could only be pacified after subjugating the more northern colony. Pursuing Cornwallis part of the way to Wilmington, Major General Nathanael Greene turned south on April 8 and moved back into South Carolina. Cornwallis was willing to let the American army go as he believed that Lord Francis Rawdons forces in South Carolina and Georgia were sufficient to contain Greene. Though Rawdon possessed around 8,000 men, they were scattered in small garrisons throughout the two colonies. Advancing into South Carolina, Greene sought to eliminate these posts and reassert American control over the backcountry. Working in conjunction with independent commanders such as Brigadier Generals Francis Marion and Thomas Sumter, American troops began capturing several minor garrisons. Though beaten by Rawdon at Hobkirks Hill on April 25, Green continued his operations. Moving to attack the British base at Ninety-Six, he laid siege on May 22. In early June, Greene learned that Rawdon was approaching from Charleston with reinforcements. After an assault on Ninety-Six failed, he was compelled to abandon the siege. The Armies Meet Though Greene had been forced to retreat, Rawdon elected to abandon Ninety-Six as part of a general withdrawal from the backcountry. As the summer progressed, both sides wilted in the regions hot weather. Suffering from ill-health, Rawdon departed in July and turned command over to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Stewart. Captured at sea, Rawdon was an unwilling witness during the Battle of the Chesapeake in September. In the wake of the failure at Ninety-Six, Greene moved his men to the cooler High Hills of Santee where he remained for six weeks. Advancing from Charleston with around 2,000 men, Stewart established a camp at Eutaw Springs approximately fifty miles northwest of the city. Resuming operations on August 22, Greene moved to Camden before turning south and advancing on Eutaw Springs. Short on food, Stewart had begun sending out foraging parties from his camp. Around 8:00 AM on September 8, one of these parties, led by Captain John Coffin, encountered an American scouting force overseen by Major John Armstrong. Retreating, Armstrong led Coffins men into an ambush where Lieutenant Colonel Light-Horse Harry Lees men captured around forty of the British troops. Advancing, the Americans also captured a large number of Stewarts foragers. As Greenes army approached Stewarts position, the British commander, now alerted to the threat, began forming his men to the west of the camp. A Back and Forth Fight Deploying his forces, Greene used a formation similar to his earlier battles. Placing his North and South Carolina militia in the front line, he supported them with Brigadier General Jethro Sumners North Carolina Continentals. Sumners command was further reinforced by Continental units from Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. The infantry was supplemented by units of cavalry and dragoons led by Lee and Lieutenant Colonels William Washington and Wade Hampton. As Greenes 2,200 men approached, Stewart directed his men to advance and attack. Standing their ground, the militia fought well and exchanged several volleys with the British regulars before yielding under a bayonet charge. As the militia began to retreat, Greene ordered Sumners men forward. Halting the British advance, they too began to waver as Stewarts men charged forward. Committing his veteran Maryland and Virginia Continentals, Greene stopped the British and soon began counterattacking. Driving the British back, the Americans were on the verge of victory when they reached the British camp. Entering the area, they elected to stop and pillage the British tents rather than continue the pursuit. As the fighting was raging, Major John Marjoribanks succeeded in turning back an American cavalry attack on the British right and captured Washington. With Greenes men preoccupied with looting, Marjoribanks shifted his men to a brick mansion just beyond the British camp. From the protection of this structure, they opened fire on the distracted Americans. Though Greenes men organized an assault on the house, they failed to carry it. Rallying his troops around the structure, Stewart counterattacked. With his forces disorganized, Greene was compelled to organize a rearguard and fall back. Retreating in good order, the Americans withdrew a short distance to the west. Remaining in the area, Greene intended to renew the fighting the next day, but wet weather prevented this. As a result, he elected to depart the vicinity. Though he held the field, Stewart believed his position was too exposed and began withdrawing to Charleston with American forces harassing his rear. Aftermath In the fighting at Eutaw Springs, Greene suffered 138 killed, 375 wounded, and 41 missing. British losses numbered 85 killed, 351 wounded, and 257 captured/missing. When members of the captured foraging party are added, the number of British captured totals around 500. Though he had won a tactical victory, Stewarts decision to withdraw to the safety of Charleston proved a strategic victory for Greene. The last major battle in the South, the aftermath of Eutaw Springs saw the British focus on maintaining enclaves on the coast while effectively surrendering the interior to American forces. While skirmishing continued, the focus of major operations shifted to Virginia where Franco-American forces won the key Battle of Yorktown the following month.

CPU scheduling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CPU scheduling - Essay Example Sometimes people speak of pseudoparallelism in this context, to contrast it with the true hardware parallelism of multiprocessor systems (which have two or more CPUs sharing the same physical memory). Keeping track of multiple, parallel activities is hard for people to do. Therefore, operating system designers over the years have evolved a conceptual model (sequential processes) that makes parallelism easier to deal with. (Tanenbaum, 2006). The difference between a process and a program is subtle, but crucial. An analogy may help make this point clearer. Consider a culinary-minded computer scientist who is baking a birthday cake for his daughter. He has a birthday cake recipe and a kitchen well stocked with the necessary input: flour, eggs, sugar, extract of vanilla, and so on. In this analogy, the recipe is the program (i.e., an algorithm expressed in some suitable notation), the computer scientist is the processor (CPU), and the cake ingredients are the input data. The process is the activity consisting of our baker reading the recipe, fetching the ingredients, and baking the cake. The key idea here is that a process is an activity of some kind. It has a program, input, output, and a state. A single processor may be shared among several processes, with some scheduling algorithm being used to determine when to stop work on one process and service a different one. Operating systems n Creation of a process: Operating systems need some way to make sure all the necessary processes exist. In very simple systems, or in systems designed for running only a single application (e.g., controlling a device in real time), it may be possible to have all the processes that will ever be needed be present when the system comes up. In general-purpose systems, however, some way is needed to create and terminate processes as needed during operation. There are four events that cause process to be created: 1. System initialization 2. Execution of a process creation system call by an existing process. 3. A user request to create a new process. 4. Initiation of a batch job. When an operating system is booted, often several processes are created. Some of these are foreground processes, that is, processes that interact with (human) users and perform work for them. Others are background processes, which are not associated with particular users, but instead have some specific function. For example, a background process may be designed to accept incoming requests for web pages hosted on that machine, waking up when a request arrives to service the request. Processes that stay in the background to handle some activity such as web pages, printing, and so on are called daemons. Large systems commonly have dozens of them. During the running of multiple processes, the processes compete among themselves. When more than one process is in the ready state and there is only one CPU available, the operating system must decide which process to run first. The part of the operating system that makes the choice is called the scheduler; the algorithm it uses is called the scheduling algorithm. Introduction to scheduling: Back in the old days of batch systems with input in the form of card images on a magnetic tape, the scheduling algorithm was simple: just run the next job on the tape. With timesharing systems, the scheduling algorithm became more complex, because there were generally multiple users waiting for service. There

Most current financial data and ratios for two firms in a single Research Paper

Most current financial data and ratios for two firms in a single industry, from the US - Research Paper Example Financial analysis between McDonalds and Yum Brands Incl. to determine their competitiveness since the figures in financial statements never lies. Analysis will be done on the cash flow, income statement and balance statement These ratios include current ratio, quick ratio and cash ratio. This ratio shows the extent at which the company is able to repay its short term liabilities using current liabilities. According to (Ross & Westerfield, 2000) a value of 1 or greater shows the firm is more liquid hence able to repay its short term obligations with ease. From the above analysis we can see that McDonalds has higher liquidity ratio than Yum Brands Incl. thus it has $ 1.59 to pay $ 1 debt while Yum Brands Incl. only has $0.75 to settle $1 thus having a deficit of $ 0.25. From the above analysis still McDonalds has higher quick ratio as compared to Yum Brands Incl. which has 0.39. This proofs that McDonalds is able to pay off its debt with ease as compared to Yum Brands Incl. This analysis measures the level of profit making a company is as compared to other competitors (Rowland, 1936). These ratios are one of those that attract investors to invest in a given firm. Some of the ratios are as follows; From the above analysis McDonalds is able to $ 0.22 for every $ 1 invested in the company as opposed to Yum Brands Incl. which only gains $ 0.18. This shows that McDonalds receives great return from usage of its assets. This ratio shows the proportion of the company’s equity financed by owner’s equity and debt. This ratio is supposed to be as low as possible because high level reflects the company is at a state of insolvency (Kieso & Weygandt, 2001). From the above analysis both firms its assets are financed more by debt by owner’s equity. For McDonalds its assets are financed 1.28 times than by owner’s equity as for Yum Brand Incl. it is terrible since it is asset is financed more than

Existentialism is a Humanism Essay Example for Free

Existentialism is a Humanism Essay In Existentialism is a Humanism, Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) presents an accessible description of existentialism. A key idea of existentialism—and of the human condition— is that existence precedes essence. The essence of something is its meaning, its intended purpose. A paper cutter is made to cut paper; that is its point. Humans, however, do not have an essence. Man exists, turns up, appears on the scene, and, only afterwards, defines himself. We have no greater purpose, no pre-determined plan, no ultimate meaning. We have, in Sartre’s words, no human nature, since there is nothing (e.g. God) outside of us which would conceive of it for us. We are simply here, and it is up to us to define ourselves. Responsibility Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. We have choice, we have subjectivity, and we choose what we will make ourselves to be; we are entirely responsible for our existence: Thus, existentialism’s first move is to make every man aware of what he is and to make the full responsibility of his existence rest on him. This thought is often not easily accepted. ‘Subjectivity’ is a word that riles up many. â€Å"If everything is subjective then nothing is objective; nothing is absolute! Our values are nothing more than our whims! Nothing is right or wrong! Rabble, rabble, rabble!† Sartre replies that, â€Å"it is impossible for man to transcend human subjectivity.† He isn’t saying â€Å"I prefer subjectivity over objectivity,† he’s asking, â€Å"how can we possibly not be subjective?† Even the religious individual who believes that morality is absolute and comes from God must, at some point, choose to bel ieve that this is the case. Our responsibility is a blessing and a curse. It leads us to feel things like anguish, forlornness, and despair. Anguish We experience anguish in the face of our subjectivity, because by choosing what we are to do, we ‘choose for everyone’. When you make a decision you are saying â€Å"this is how anyone ought to behave given these circumstances.† Many people don’t feel anguish, but this is because they are â€Å"fleeing from it.† If you don’t feel a sense of anxiety when you make decisions, it’s because you are forgetting about your â€Å"total and deep responsibility† toward yourself and all of humanity. Forlornness Forlornness is the idea that â€Å"God does not exist and that we have to face all the consequences of this.† There is no morality a priori. There is no absolute right or wrong. There is no ultimate judge. This is a very distressing idea. As Dostoievsky said, â€Å"If God didn’t exist, everything would be possible [permissible].† Without God we have nothing to cling to. â€Å"There is no determinism, man is free, man is freedom. [] We have no values or commands to turn to which legitimize our conduct.† In other words, we have no excuses, and we are entirely responsible for our decisions. What are our values? The only way to determine them is to make a decision. At the end of the day, your ideals aren’t what matter; what matters is what you actually did. Despair Despair arises because we only have power to change things that are within our power to change—and there is a lot we cannot change. Reality is impartial and out of your control, except for small aspects of it here and there. We despair because we can never have full control of the future. What Will Happen Will Happen Tomorrow, after my death, some men may decide to set up Fascism, and the others may be cowardly and muddled enough to let them do it. Fascism will then be the human reality, so much the worse for us. Regardless of what is right or wrong, good or bad, and regardless of whether these are absolutes or not, â€Å"things will be as man will have decided they are to be.† What will happen will happen and humanity will be entirely responsible for what it does. Does this mean we ought to become passively accepting of what will happen? Sartre says the exact opposite. Does that mean that I should abandon myself to quietism? No. [] Quietism is the attitude of people who say, â€Å"Let others do what I can’t do.† The doctrine I am presenting is the very opposite of quietism, since it declares, â€Å"There is no reality except in action.† Moreover, it goes further, since it adds, â€Å"Man is nothing else than his plan; he exists only to the extent that he fulfills himself; he is therefore nothing else than the ensemble of his acts, nothing else than his life. No Excuses This is why existentialism horrifies some people. It puts such a burden of responsibility squarely on their shoulders. They can’t stand to think they were at fault for not being a great or successful person, for having no great friendships or love. They think they are the victim of circumstances; they haven’t had the proper education, leisure, or incentives; they haven’t found the right person yet; they haven’t had the opportunity to show their greatness. Sartre, however, says that â€Å"The coward makes himself cowardly, the hero makes himself heroic.† The artist is an artist because of the works of art he created, not because of what he could have created. The mathematician is famous for the math he did, not what he maybe could have done. We find that this is â€Å"a harsh thought to someone whose life hasn’t been a success.† We are responsible for our successes and failures. But at the same time, this harshness forces us to face the incredibly important fact that: Reality alone is what counts. Sartre sees these views not as a pessimism, but as an â€Å"optimistic toughness.† Optimistic in that we are the rulers of our lives; our destiny is within our hands; we are encouraged to take action. Sartre summarizes his idea of optimism and action in the following passage. Thus, I think we have answered a number of the charges concerning existentialism. You see that it can not be taken for a philosophy of quietism, since it defines man in terms of action; nor for a pessimistic description of man—there is no doctrine more optimistic, since man’s destiny is within himself; nor for an attempt to discourage man from acting, since it tells him that the only hope is in his acting and that action is the only thing that enables a man to live. Is Choice Arbitrary? Sartre ends this piece with a further defence of subjectivism, in which I wish he had gone into a little more detail. He says people are still not satisfied with the idea of subjectivism, and objections usually come in one of the following forms: 1. â€Å"Well then, you’re able to do anything, no matter what! You’re promoting anarchy!† But this isn’t the point. It is not possible to not choose. In not making a choice you are still choosing not to choose. Choice is inescapable; we are â€Å"condemned to be free† because we are human, whether or not we are existentialists. 2. â€Å"You can’t pass judgement on others, because there’s no reason to prefer one idea to another!† We can still hold values, and values appear out of the choices we make. Through our actions (as an individual and as a group), we create ethics. 3. â€Å"Everything about your choice is arbitrary!† We define ourselves through our actions, â€Å"in relationship to involvement.† And as we make ourselves—as we make choices—it is absurd to say we are choosing arbitrarily.

A Separate Peace :: Free Essays

A Separate Peace A Separate Peace is a novel about two boy's lives and how they evolve during the course of WWII. The story was written by John Knowles, who also left home to attend a school at the age of 15. The story involves many instances in which the barriers between friendship and rivalry are cited. One of the main characters of the story, Phineas, often demonstrates that it is important to be yourself and try to make the best out of a situation whenever confronted by one. Phineas is athletic, friendly, and competitive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Phineas is a very athletic person. He seems to be good at any sport he tries and all of it comes without practice or post-effort. During the course of his stay at Devon, Phineas wins several awards in all the sports he plays in. One day while the others are away, Phineas and Gene go to the gym and Phineas breaks the school time trial record for swimming. If Gene was not injured by his fall out of the tree then he would be able to compete in the Olympics. Phineas is a friendly and outgoing kind of person. Finny was always friendly and respectful towards other people and whenever one of his classmates such as Leper was being isolated from the rest of group, Finny would take up for him. Even though Gene made Finny break his leg, Finny still didn't hold anything against him and refused to believe what happened. Finny has always been friendly to others due to his outgoing personality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finny is a competitive sportsman like person. Whenever Finny sees a challenge that has never been achieved he will try to do what the others could not. During the summer when there was nothing else to do, Finny decides to make a club. When the club meets, all the members have to jump out of the tree to be

Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Channels Essay

Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Channels GENERAL CONCEPT QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. Intermediaries who buy, take title to, and resell the merchandise are called ________. 2. Companies that search for customers and may negotiate on the producer’s behalf but do not take title to the goods are called ________. 3. Transportation companies, independent warehouses, banks, and advertising agencies that assist in the distribution process but neither take title to goods nor negotiate purchases or sales are called ________. 4. One of the chief roles of marketing channels is to convert potential buyers into profitable ________. 5. A marketing channel system is the particular set of ________ employed by a firm. Decisions about the marketing channel system are among the most critical facing a firm. 6. A ________ strategy involves the manufacturer using its sales force and trade promotion money to induce intermediaries to carry, promote, and sell the product to end users. 7. A ________ strategy creates consumer demand through promotions and advertising as a way to induce intermediaries to carry the product. 8. Today customers expect channel integration to work smoothly. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of channel integration? a. The ability to order the product online and pick it up at a retail location b. The ability to return an online purchase at the retail location c. The right to receive discounts based on total online and off-line purchases d. Offering gift certificates that can be redeemed online and off-line e. None of the above are characteristics of channel integration 9. Generally speaking, buyers fall into four categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these categories? a. Habitual shoppers b. High-value deal seekers c. Low-involvement shoppers d. Variety-loving shoppers e. High-involvement shoppers 10. Shoppers who primarily seek stores that suit people like themselves or members of groups they aspire to join are known as ________. 11. A supply chain view of a firm sees markets as destination points and amounts to a linear view of the flow. The company should first think of the target market and then design the supply chain backward from that point. This view is called ________. 12. A value network includes a firm’s suppliers and its suppliers’ suppliers, and its immediate customers and their end ________. 13. Through their contacts, experience, specialization, and scale of operation, intermediaries help firms _______ in making goods widely available. 14. A marketing channel overcomes the time, place, and ________ gaps that separate goods and services from those who need or want them. 15. Physical functions, title functions, and promotional functions are example of ________ flow of activity from the company to the customer. 16. The question regarding the various channel functions is not whether or not they need to be performed but who is to perform them. All channel functions have three things in common. Which of the following is NOT one of these channel functions? a. They use up scarce resources. b. They can often be performed better through specialization. c. They can be shifted among channel members. d. They require substantial investments by the producer. e. None of the above 17. A ________ channel consists of a manufacturer selling directly to the final customer. 18. Designing a marketing channel system involves analyzing customer needs, ________, identifying major channel alternatives, and evaluating major channel alternatives. 19. In designing the marketing channel, the marketer must understand the service output levels desired by the target customers. Channels produce five service outputs. Which of the following is NOT one of these outputs? a. Product variety b. â€Å"Entertainment shopping experience† c. Spatial convenience d. Waiting and delivery time e. Lot size 20. Channel objectives should be stated in terms of ________ service output levels. 21. A channel alternative is described by three elements: the types of available business intermediaries, the number of intermediaries needed, and the ________. 22. Companies deciding on the number of intermediaries to use at each channel level have three strategies available to them. They can use exclusive distribution, ________ distribution, and intensive distribution. 23. When the producer wants to maintain control over the service level and outputs offered by the resellers, it most likely will use ________ distribution. 24. By granting ________, the producer hopes to obtain more dedicated and knowledgeable selling. 25. With ________, the company does not need to worry about too many outlets; it can gain adequate market coverage with more control and less cost that intensive distribution. 26. Manufacturers are constantly tempted to move from exclusive or selective distribution to more intensive distribution in order to ________. 27. ________ distribution consists of the manufacturer placing his goods and services in as many outlets as possible. 28. The main elements in the â€Å"trade-relations mix† are price policies, conditions of sale, ________, and specific services to be performed by each party. 29. Each channel alternative needs to be evaluated against ________, control, and adaptive criteria. 30. One of the control issues of using a sales agency as a channel partner is that the sales agency is an independent firm seeking to ________. 31. After a company has chosen a channel alternative, individual intermediaries must be ________, trained, motivated, and evaluated. 32. It is important for the company to select its channel members carefully because to the customers, the channels _________ the company. 33. ________ can be defined as the ability to alter channel members’ behavior so that they take actions they would not have taken otherwise. 34. The five types of power available to the producer to elicit cooperation from channel members includes all of the following EXCEPT ________ power. 35. In competitive markets with low entry barriers, the optimal channel structure will inevitably ________ over time. 36. Regarding distribution systems, one of the most difficult decision that a firm must make at some time involves ________ the channel strategy. 37. A conventional marketing channel comprises a(n) ________, wholesaler(s), and retailer(s), each acting in his own self-interest. 38. A(n) ________ comprises the producer, wholesaler(s), and retailers(s) acting as a unified system. 39. A(n) ________ consists of independent firms at different levels of production and distribution integrating their programs on a contractual basis to obtain more economies or sales impact than they could achieve alone. 40. Which of the following is a type of contractual VMS? a. Specialty stores b. Franchise organizations c. Kiosks stores d. Catalog stores e. None of the above 41. When two or more unrelated companies put together resources or programs to exploit an emerging marketing opportunity, it is called a ________. 42. ________ occurs when a single firm uses two or more marketing channels to reach one or more customer segments. 43. By adding more channels, companies can gain three important benefits. First, they can increase their market coverage; second, they can lower channel costs; and third, they can provide ________. 44. ________ is generated when one channel member’s actions prevent another channel from achieving its goal. 45. ________ involves conflict between members at the same level within the channel. 46. ________ means conflict between different levels within the same channel. 47. ________ exists when the manufacturer has established two or more channels that sell to the same market. 48. ________ occurs when channel members are brought together to advance the goals of the channel, as opposed to their own potentially incompatible goals. 49. Causes of channel conflict include all of the following, EXCEPT________. a. goal incompatibility b. differences in perception c. dependency d. unclear goals and rights e. channel power usage 50. There are several mechanisms for effective channel conflict management. These include the following, EXCEPT ________. a. frequent vendor switching b. superordinate goals c. co-optation d. diplomacy e. mediation 51. ________ is an effort by one organization to win the support of the leaders of another organization by including them in advisory councils, board of directors, and the like. 52. ________ means resorting to a neutral third party who is skilled in conciliating the two parties’ interests. 53. Producers of strong brands sometimes sell them to dealers only if the dealers will take some or all of the rest of the line. This practice is called full-line forcing or ________. 54. ________ describes the use of electronic means and platforms to conduct a company’s business. 55. ________ means that the company or site offers to transact or facilitate the selling of products or services online. 56. ________ means companies decide to purchase goods, services, and information from various online suppliers. 57. ________ describes company efforts to inform buyers, communicate, promote, and sell its products and services over the Internet. 58. ________ are companies that have launched a Web site without any previous existence as a firm. 59. ________ are existing companies that have added an online site for information and/or e-commerce. 60. For the brick-and-click companies, adding an e-commerce channel creates the threat of ________ from retailers, brokers, agents, and other intermediaries. Essay 101. Explain why the marketing channel system is so important to a firm. 102. Explain the concept of a hybrid channel distribution system. 103. Different consumers have different needs during the purchase process. Researchers Nunes and Cespedes argue that, in many markets, buyers fall into four categories. List and briefly define these four categories. 104. Demand chain planning yields several insights for manufacturers who follow this view of the supply chain. Explain what these insights are and how companies can use them to their best advantage. 105. What are some of the advantages available to producers using intermediaries? 106. In designing a marketing channel system, the marketer must understand the service output levels desired by target customers. Channels provide five service outputs. List and briefly describe each of these outputs. 107. Manufacturers are constantly tempted to move from exclusive distribution or selective distribution to more intensive distribution. Give a reason why this might not be a good long-term strategy for a manufacturer. 108. Explain the differences between a vertical marketing system (VMS) and a conventional marketing system? 109. The most advanced supply-distributor arrangements for administering VMSs involve distribution programming. Explain the components of distribution programming. 110. For a brick-and-click company to add e-commerce to its marketing mix, the firm must be aware that it creates the threat of a backlash from its channel partners. The question remains: How to sell both through intermediaries and online? Three strategies for successfully answering this question were postulated in the chapter. List and briefly define these three strategies. APPLICATION QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 111. Your product enjoys high brand loyalty and high involvement in the category. It has perceived differences that consumers recognize between brands and is one of the few that its consumers choose before selecting the retail store/Web site to purchase the product. Which promotion strategy would hold the greatest opportunity for incremental sales for your product? 112. Your product has low brand loyalty in its category; brand choice is often made by the consumer in the store, often at the very moment of purchase. Which promotion strategy would hold the greatest opportunity for incremental sales for your product? 113. When managing a hybrid channel, the channel manager must ensure that these different channels work seamlessly in the consumer’s opinion. When the consumer can order a product  online and pick it up at the nearby retail store or be able to return the Internet-ordered product to the retail store, we state that the channel has ________. 114. Jenny gathers information from a variety of channels, conducting extensive research on the advantages/disadvantages of the products available. She visits a number of high-priced retailers, asks numerous questions, and tries many of the products. When the time comes to purchase, she always purchases through the lowest-cost channel. Jenny is best described as a ________. 115. Palm, the leading manufacturer of handheld devices, consists of a whole community of suppliers and assemblers of semiconductor components, plastic cases, LCD displays, and accessories; of off-line and online resellers; of 275,000 developers in the Palm Developer Network who have created over 21,000 software programs and 100 hardware add-ons for the Palm operating system for handheld computers and smartphones. Combined, these make up Palm’s ________. 116. A company selling exercise equipment may need to establish three channels of distribution—a sales channel, a delivery channel, and a ________. 117. Tupperware manufactures kitchen goods and has its representatives sell them through home parties. This is an example of a ________. 118. ________ deals between suppliers and retailers, such as Disney’s Consumer Products deal with Wal-Mart, are becoming a mainstay for specialists looking for an edge in a business world that is increasingly driven by price. 119. In rolling out your company’s newest product, you decided to use manufacturers’ representatives as your sales agents. Part of your ________ was to establish territories based upon counties per state. 120. The sales of your product are low compared to your competition. The decision facing you is whether to use a sales agency (brokers, manufacturers’ representatives) or hire a field sales force. The fixed costs of engaging a sales agency are lower than those of establishing a company sales force, but costs rise faster through an agency. When figuring out sales and costs, the intersection of the costs between sales agencies and sales force (SB) means that ________. 121. Rolex is very selective when choosing the retailers that will sell its watches. The company needs to view its retailer in the same way as it views its end users. The firm needs to determine intermediaries’ needs and construct a channel positioning such that its channel offering is tailored to provide ________ to these retailers. 122. As more women entered the workforce and were unavailable to Avon’s traditional door-to-door system for selling cosmetics, Avon ventured into selling its cosmetics in JCPenney. Avon revised its channel strategy due to ________. 123. When Kodak coordinates successive stages of production and distribution and receives cooperation from major retailers in connection with displays, shelf space, promotions, and pricing policies due exclusively to Kodak’s size and power , we call this a(n) ________. 124. The emergence of rental car counters, hair salons, banks, and dry cleaners found in such stores as Wal-Mart, Target, grocery retailers, and others is an example of ________ marketing systems. 125. As a recent college graduate, you dream of opening up your own business. You have explored franchising. In fact, one of the companies that you are strongly interested in is a service organization (fast food) that has a whole system designed to bring its service efficiently to consumers. This is an example of a ________. 126. A soft-drink concentrate producer makes a 20% margin on its regular soda and 25% on its diet version of the same drink. The soft-drink bottlers, however, are required to sell both the regular and diet versions to the retailers at the same price. This is a classic example of ________. 127. In deciding to take your product to market, one of the first considerations must be your channel or channels of distribution. If you decide to sell your product (a) in exclusive franchisee operations and (b) to mass distributors/retailers concurrently, to the same target market, this may lead to a ________. 128. As a marketing manager for a national company that uses brokers as your field sales agents, you suggest to your senior management the creation of an â€Å"advisory team† composed of retailers, food brokers, sales managers, and inside marketing and management personnel. Your objective is to win support of the leaders of another organization by including them in planning discussions. You are advocating what type of conflict management resolution? 129. The text would define eBay, a third party that creates markets by linking buyers and sellers, as a ________. 130. Harley-Davidson’s entry into the Web for their parts and accessory business called for them to â€Å"protect† their retailers by referring customers to the local Harley-Davidson dealer. One additional strategy available to firms wishing to protect their channels of distribution yet capitalize on Internet sales is ________. Short Answer 131. Define the term â€Å"marketing channels.† 132. Why is a marketing channel system so important to the manufacturer? 133. The ability by the consumer to access information via the Internet, conduct business transactions either by phone, Internet, or in person is an example of a company using what type of marketing channels? 134. When you deliver the products to the customer, exchange title of the goods, or even conduct a sales promotion, you are conducting a forward flow of activity through the channel. Explain the elements for a backward flow from customers to the company. 135. In setting up your distribution channel, you note that you must account for the physical transfer of the product from your location to the consumer and must receive payment for the goods sold. These are part of the channel functions. All channel functions must be performed and have three things in common. List the three things that all functions have in common. 136. Your company has decided to use a distribution channel that consists of a wholesaler, a jobber, and a retailer to reach your final consumer or user of your product. How many channel levels are involved in the distribution of your product to the final user? 137. When we talk about manufacturers’ redemption centers, community groups, trash-collection specialists, recycling centers, and central processing warehouses, we are talking about what kind of distribution channels? 138. The ability of a shopper of laundry detergents to visit a grocery retailer and see a wide variety of brands, sizes, and units for purchase is an example of what elements of the channel service output? 139. As the â€Å"channel manager† for your firm, you have been asked by senior managers to identify new distribution channels for the launch of a new product. Your presentation describes a channel alternative as having three sets of elements. What are the three elements that would be contained in your presentation? 140. A leading manufacturer of watches maintains a set of very exclusive networks of retailers (exclusive distribution) that are authorized to sell its watches. This exclusivity ensures that the company can control the service level, distribution, and outputs offered by the retail stores doing business with them. Recently, however, there has been pressure on the company (by Wall Street investors) to expand its products to more and more retailers (intensive distribution) in order to increase sales. What are some of the dangers that the company might encounter when moving from one form of distribution to another? 141. List the main elements in the â€Å"trade-relations mix† between producers and channel members. 142. As the channel manager at a consumer products firm, you develop a channel incentive program in which channel members receive an extra 2% discount on all purchases when the channel members agree to pass half of this discount along to their customers in terms of a price decline. This is an example of what type of channel power? 143. When you purchase a Subway franchise, the corporate office delivers to you an entire system designed to bring the services efficiently to the consumer. This is an example of what type of contractual VMS? 144. When independent operators such as optometrists or nail and hair salons locate in the front part of selected retail superstores, this is an example of what type of marketing system? 145. A textbook manufacturer uses a direct sales force to reach the college market, a telemarketing division to reach small independent bookstore owners, and rack jobbers to reach retail outlets. This is an example of what type of marketing systems? 146. What three important benefits can companies gain by adding more channels? 147. Identify four things that marketers can do to better integrate their online and off-line channels. 148. You own a franchise of a national chain of quick luncheon meals. The corporate office is conducting a nationwide marketing campaign introducing a $5.00 value meal option. This $5.00 value meal option severely cuts into you operating margins. Numerous complaints to the corporate office have resulted in the corporate office taking the position that â€Å"the franchisees need to be competitive and this $5.00 meal is competitive.† You disagree, noting that  even with an increase in store traffic, the reduction in revenue and margin produced by this value menu will result in a net loss for your store. What type of channel conflict is evident here? 149. When one Pizza Hut franchisee noticed that his counterpart in the south part of town was using â€Å"nonapproved† ingredients in its Pizza Hut pizzas, he complained to the franchise office. This is an example of what type of channel conflict? 150. In setting up your company’s channel of distribution, you arranged for the company’s products to be carried by a select set of outlets and required that these outlets not carry competitive products. What are the benefits to the company and to the distributor in entering into such an exclusive distribution and exclusive dealing arrangement?